Open AccessPhosphatidylserine externalization, “necroptotic bodies” release, and phagocytosis during necroptosis
Author(s) -
Sefi Zargarian,
Inbar Shlomovitz,
Ziv Erlich,
Aria Hourizadeh,
Yifat Ofir-Birin,
Ben A. Croker,
Neta RegevRudzki,
Liat Edry-Botzer,
Motti Gerlic
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
plos biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.127
H-Index - 271
eISSN - 1545-7885
pISSN - 1544-9173
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002711
Subject(s) - necroptosis , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , programmed cell death , phosphatidylserine , apoptosis , extracellular , phagocytosis , kinase , ripk1 , biochemistry , membrane , phospholipid
Necroptosis is a regulated, nonapoptotic form of cell death initiated by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) proteins. It is considered to be a form of regulated necrosis, and, by lacking the “find me” and “eat me” signals that are a feature of apoptosis, necroptosis is considered to be inflammatory. One such “eat me” signal observed during apoptosis is the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that necroptotic cells also expose PS after phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase-like (pMLKL) translocation to the membrane. Necroptotic cells that expose PS release extracellular vesicles containing proteins and pMLKL to their surroundings. Furthermore, inhibition of pMLKL after PS exposure can reverse the process of necroptosis and restore cell viability. Finally, externalization of PS by necroptotic cells drives recognition and phagocytosis, and this may limit the inflammatory response to this nonapoptotic form of cell death. The exposure of PS to the outer membrane and to extracellular vesicles is therefore a feature of necroptotic cell death and may serve to provide an immunologically-silent window by generating specific “find me” and “eat me” signals.