Open AccessThree-dimensional in vivo imaging by a handheld dual-axes confocal microscope
Author(s) -
Hyejun Ra,
Wibool Piyawattanametha,
Michael J. Mandella,
Pei–Lin Hsiung,
Jonathan Hardy,
Thomas D. Wang,
Christopher H. Contag,
G. S. Kino,
Olav Solgaard
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
optics express
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.394
H-Index - 271
ISSN - 1094-4087
DOI - 10.1364/oe.16.007224
Subject(s) - confocal , optics , microscope , confocal microscopy , materials science , preclinical imaging , scanner , microscopy , microelectromechanical systems , frame rate , in vivo , physics , optoelectronics , microbiology and biotechnology , biology
We present a handheld dual-axes confocal microscope that is based on a two-dimensional microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner. It performs reflectance and fluorescence imaging at 488 nm wavelength, with three-dimensional imaging capability. The fully packaged microscope has a diameter of 10 mm and acquires images at 4 Hz frame rate with a maximum field of view of 400 microm x 260 microm. The transverse and axial resolutions of the handheld probe are 1.7 microm and 5.8 microm, respectively. Capability to perform real time small animal imaging is demonstrated in vivo in transgenic mice.