Ultrafast laser surgery probe with a calcium fluoride miniaturized objective for bone ablation

We present a miniaturized ultrafast laser surgery probe with improved miniaturized optics to deliver higher peak powers and enable higher surgical speeds than previously possible. A custom-built miniaturized CaF 2 objective showed no evidence of the strong multiphoton absorption observed in our previous ZnS-based probe, enabling higher laser power delivery to the tissue surface for ablation. A Kagome fiber delivered ultrashort pulses from a high repetition rate fiber laser to the objective, producing a focal beam radius of 1.96 μm and covering a 90×90 μm 2 scan area. The probe delivered the maximum available fiber laser power, providing fluences >6 J/cm 2 at the tissue surface at 53% transmission efficiency. We characterized the probe's performance through a parametric ablation study on bovine cortical bone and defined optimal operating parameters for surgery using an experimental- and simulation-based approach. The entire opto-mechanical system, enclosed within a 5-mm diameter housing with a 2.6-mm diameter probe tip, achieved material removal rates >0.1 mm 3 /min, however removal rates were ultimately limited by the available laser power. Towards a next generation surgery probe, we simulated maximum material removal rates when using a higher power fiber laser and found that removal rates >2 mm 3 /min could be attained through appropriate selection of laser surgery parameters. With future development, the device presented here can serve as a precise surgical tool with clinically viable speeds for delicate applications such as spinal decompression surgeries.