Open AccessRetinal safety evaluation of two-photon laser scanning in rats
Author(s) -
Gopal Swamy Jayabalan,
Josef F. Bille,
Xiao Wen Mao,
Howard V. Gimbel,
Michael Rauser,
Frederik Wenz,
Joseph Fan
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
biomedical optics express
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.362
H-Index - 86
ISSN - 2156-7085
DOI - 10.1364/boe.10.003217
Subject(s) - laser , laser safety , retinal , two photon excitation microscopy , retina , optics , fluorescein angiography , materials science , biomedical engineering , medicine , fluorescence , ophthalmology , physics
Safe use of retinal imaging with two-photon excitation in human eyes is crucial, as the effects of ultrashort pulsed lasers on the retina are relatively unknown. At the time of the study, the laser safety standards were inadequate due to the lack of biological data. This article addresses the feasibility of two-photon retinal imaging with respect to laser safety. In this study, rat retinas were evaluated at various laser exposure levels and with different laser parameters to determine the effects of laser-induced optical damage. The results were experimentally verified using confocal reflectance imaging, two-photon fluorescein angiography, immunohistochemistry, and correlated to the IEC 60825-1 laser safety standard.