Open AccessRacial Discrimination’s Influence on Smoking Rates among American Indian Alaska Native Two-Spirit Individuals: Does Pain Play a Role?
Author(s) -
Michelle D. Johnson-Jennings,
Annie Belcourt,
Matthew Town,
Melissa L. Walls,
Karina L. Walters
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of health care for the poor and underserved
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.511
H-Index - 59
eISSN - 1548-6869
pISSN - 1049-2089
DOI - 10.1353/hpu.2014.0193
Subject(s) - smoking cessation , coping (psychology) , transgender , medicine , racism , african american , lesbian , health equity , native american , demography , psychology , clinical psychology , gerontology , gender studies , public health , sociology , ethnology , nursing , pathology , psychoanalysis
High rates of racial discrimination and non-ceremonial tobacco smoking exist among American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) Two-Spirit/LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) populations. The authors examined whether or not pain mediates between racial discrimination and smoking among Two-Spirits. Two-Spirit adults (n=447) from seven urban U.S. locations were surveyed during the HONOR project. The Indigenist stress coping model was used as framework in which to conduct descriptive, bivariate and regression analyses. A majority of the participants reported smoking (45.2%) and pain (57%). Pain was found to mediate the association between racial discrimination and smoking. Racial discrimination appears to be a significant factor influencing tobacco smoking and health behaviors within Two-Spirit populations. Effective tobacco cessation and/or prevention planning for Two-Spirits and others who experience frequent racial discrimination, stress, and trauma should also consider the influence of pain. Pain may serve as the embodiment of discrimination, and this possibility requires future research