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Quasi‐Indexicals and Knowledge Reports
Author(s) -
Rapaport William J.,
Shapiro Stuart C.,
Wiebe Janyce M.
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
cognitive science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.498
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1551-6709
pISSN - 0364-0213
DOI - 10.1207/s15516709cog2101_3
Subject(s) - indexicality , knowledge representation and reasoning , context (archaeology) , computer science , semantics (computer science) , representation (politics) , narrative , simple (philosophy) , linguistics , natural language processing , philosophy of language , artificial intelligence , epistemology , cognitive science , philosophy , psychology , programming language , paleontology , metaphysics , politics , political science , law , biology
We present a computational analysis of de re, de dicto, and de se belief and knowledge reports. Our analysis solves a problem first observed by Hector‐Neri Castaneda, namely, that the simple rule ‘(A knows that P) implies P’ apparently does not hold if P contains a quasi‐indexical. We present a single rule, in the context of a knowledge‐representation and reasoning system, that holds for all P, including those containing quasi‐indexicals. In so doing, we explore the difference between reasoning in a public communication language and in a knowledge‐representation language, we demonstrate the importance of representing proper names explicitly, and we provide support for the necessity of considering sentences in the context of extended discourse (e.g., written narrative) in order to fully capture certain features of their semantics.