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Toll‐like Receptor and RIG‐1‐like Receptor Signaling
Author(s) -
Kawai Taro,
Akira Shizuo
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1196/annals.1443.020
Subject(s) - tlr3 , mda5 , innate immune system , biology , pattern recognition receptor , tlr7 , microbiology and biotechnology , rig i , signal transducing adaptor protein , signal transduction , receptor , rna , toll like receptor , interferon , virology , gene , genetics , rna interference
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs) constitute distinct families of pattern‐recognition receptors that sense nucleic acids derived from viruses and trigger antiviral innate immune responses. TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 are membrane proteins localized to the endosome that recognize viral double‐stranded RNA, single‐stranded RNA, and DNA, respectively, while RLRs, including RIG‐I, Mda5, and LGP2, are cytoplasmic proteins that recognize viral RNA. Upon recognition of these nucleic acid species, TLRs and RLRs recruit specific intracellular adaptor proteins to initiate signaling pathways culminating in activation of NF‐κB, MAP kinases, and IRFs that control the transcription of genes encoding type I interferon and other inflammatory cytokines, which are important for eliminating viruses. Here, we review recent insights into the signaling pathways initiated by TLR and RLR and their roles in innate and adaptive immune responses.