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Neuro‐ and Cardioprotective Effects of Blockade of Nitric Oxide Action by Administration of Methylene Blue
Author(s) -
WIKLUND LARS,
BASU SAMAR,
MICLESCU ADRIANA,
WIKLUND PER,
RONQUIST GUNNAR,
SHARMA HARI SHANKER
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1196/annals.1403.016
Subject(s) - methylene blue , nitric oxide , chemistry , pharmacology , neuroprotection , lipid peroxidation , nitric oxide synthase , creatine kinase , vasodilation , ischemia , creatine , biochemistry , medicine , antioxidant , organic chemistry , catalysis , photocatalysis
Methylene blue (MB), generic name methylthioninium (C 16 H 18 ClN 3 S · 3H 2 O), is a blue dye synthesized in 1876 by Heinrich Caro for use as a textile dye and used in the laboratory and clinically since the 1890s, with well‐known toxicity and pharmacokinetics. It has experimentally proven neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects in a porcine model of global ischemia–reperfusion in experimental cardiac arrest. This effect has been attributed to MB's blocking effect on nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase, the latter blocking the synthesis of the second messenger of nitric oxide. The physiological effects during reperfusion include stabilization of the systemic circulation without significantly increased total peripheral resistance, moderately increased cerebral cortical blood flow, a decrease of lipid peroxidation and inflammation, and less anoxic tissue injury in the brain and the heart. The last two effects are recorded as less increase in plasma concentrations of astroglial protein S‐100β, as well as troponin I and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, respectively.