Novel PKC signaling is required for LPS‐induced soluble Flt‐1 expression in macrophages

In vitro activation of macrophages by LPS induces rapid release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 receptor (sFlt‐1), which are thought to be the effectors to cause sepsis. However, the signal pathway that controls the VEGF and sFlt‐1 expressions in LPS‐activated macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC)δ played a key role in the VEGF and sFlt‐1 signaling pathway of LPS‐activated macrophages. PKC is a family of serine‐threonine kinases, which are classified into three major groups based on homology and cofactor requirements: conventional PKCs, novel PKCs, and atypical PKCs. In the murine RAW264.7 cells, as well as in primary human monocytes/macrophages, pretreatment with a general PKC inhibitor GF109203X or with a novel PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin or overexpression of a kinase‐inactive form of PKCδ (K376R) eliminated LPS‐induced sFlt‐1 expression and augmented LPS‐induced VEGF expression at the protein and the transcription levels. In contrast, Gö6976, an inhibitor for the conventional PKCs, or myristoylated PKCζ pseudosubstrate peptide, an inhibitor for the atypical PKCs, failed to exert the same effects. These data suggest that PKCδ signaling is involved in LPS‐induced sFlt‐1 expression and serves as a negative mediator in LPS‐induced VEGF expression in macrophages. A novel strategy controlling the LPS‐induced PKC pathways, especially the PKCδ isoform, may be developed based on this study.