Complications of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Augmentation Mammoplasty: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

The use of Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) as an injectable filler for breast augmentation has fallen out of popularity since its first use in the 1980s, but has produced an increasing patient population presenting with complications related to PAAG injections. PAAG use was popularized most notably in China, Russia and Iran. However, given immigration trends and medical tourism, PAAG-related complications have become increasingly more common in North America. These complications can be difficult to treat, often necessitating complex surgery that includes gel removal, debridement procedures and, often, breast reconstruction. Approaches to surgical treatment and subsequent breast reconstruction are not universally defined primarily because of the limited knowledge about this group of patients. The present article presents the option of autologous free flap reconstruction for a patient with extensive muscular involvement, and aims to summarize complications and risks associated with PAAG through a case presentation and literature review.