Reducing False-Positive HIV Diagnosis in Niger

The entry into both HIV care and secondary prevention is first through the knowledge of one’s own HIV status. Testing for HIV remains challenging in countries where clinicians rely on rapid testing algorithms because the routine use of confirmatory Western blot technology is unavailable. In this case report, we describe the case of a pregnant woman in Niger, who was falsely labeled as HIV positive during prenatal visits. We also describe our clinical algorithm that was developed to facilitate retesting in patients who initially tested HIV positive or indeterminant with rapid diagnostic tests. Vigilance is necessary to ensure that appropriate identification and treatment of HIV is provided to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, to appropriately allocate resources, and to avoid falsely labeling patients with HIV.