Role of Eastern Ghats Orography and Cold Pool in an Extreme Rainfall Event over Chennai on 1 December 2015

Chennai and its surrounding region received extreme rainfall on 1 December 2015. A rain gauge in the city recorded 494 mm of rainfall within a span of 24 h—at least a 100-yr event. The convective system was stationary over the coast during the event. This study analyzes how the Eastern Ghats orography and moist processes localized the rainfall. ERA-Interim data show a low-level easterly jet (LLEJ) over the adjacent ocean and a barrier jet over the coast during the event. A control simulation with the nonhydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model shows that the Eastern Ghats obstructed the precipitation-driven cold pool from moving downstream, resulting in the cold pool piling up and remaining stationary in the upwind direction. The cold pool became weak over the ocean. It stratified the subcloud layer and decelerated the flow ahead of the orography; hence, the flow entered a blocked regime. Maximum deceleration of the winds and uplifting happened at the edge of the cold pool over the coast. Therefore, a stationary convective system and maximum rainfall occurred at the coast. As a result of orographic blocking, propagation of a low pressure system (LPS) was obstructed. Because of the topographic β effect, the LPS subsequently traveled a southward path. In a sensitivity experiment without the orography, the cold pool was swept downstream by the winds; clouds moved inland. In the second experiment with no evaporative cooling of rain, the cold pool did not form; flow, as well as clouds, moved over the orography.