Development and Testing of a Frozen Soil Parameterization for Cold Region Studies

Proper simulation of soil freezing and thawing processes is an important issue in cold region climate studies. This paper reports on a frozen soil parameterization scheme for cold region studies that includes water flow and heat transfer in soil with water phase change. The mixed-form Richards’ equation is adopted to describe soil water flow affected by thermal processes in frozen soil. In addition, both liquid water and ice content have been taken into account in the frozen soil hydrologic and thermal property parameterization. To solve the complex nonlinear equation set and to ensure water conservation during simulation of complex phase change processes, efficient computational procedures have been designed and a new modified Picard iteration scheme is extended to solve the mixed-form Richards’ equation with phase change. The frozen soil model was evaluated using observational data from the field station at Rosemount, Minnesota, and the Tibet D66 site. The results show that the model is capable of providing good simulations of the evolution of temperature and liquid water content in frozen soil. Comparisons of simulation results from sensitivity studies indicate that there is a maximum difference of about 50 W m−2 in sensible and ground heat fluxes with and without the inclusion of the effect of ice content on matric potential and that using the exponential relationship between hydraulic conductivity and ice content produces realistic results.