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Background  Recent studies have demonstrated that there is a high variability of renal sympathetic nerve density distribution from proximal to distal renal artery segments. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation ( RSS ) on atrial fibrillation and cardiac autonomic nervous activity.    Methods and Results  Twenty‐eight dogs were randomly assigned to the proximal  RSS  group (P‐ RSS , N=7), middle  RSS  group (M‐ RSS , N=7), distal  RSS  group (D‐ RSS , N=7), and the control group (sham  RSS , N=7).  RSS  was performed using electrical stimulation on the bilateral renal arteries for 3 hours. Effective refractory period and the window of vulnerability were measured at atrial and pulmonary veins sites. Superior left ganglionated plexi ( SLGP ) and left stellate ganglion ( LSG ) function and neural activity were determined. C‐fos and nerve growth factor protein expression in the  SLGP  and  LSG  were examined. Only P‐ RSS  (1) caused pronounced blood pressure rises, induced a significant decrease in effective refractory period, and generated a marked increase in cumulative window of vulnerability and effective refractory period dispersion; (2) increased the frequency and amplitude of the neural activity in the  SLGP  and  LSG ; (3) increased  SLGP  and  LSG  function; and (4) upregulated the level of c‐fos and nerve growth factor expression in the  SLGP  and  LSG .    Conclusions  This study demonstrated that renal sympathetic nerve activation induced by 3 hours of P‐ RSS  facilitated atrial fibrillation inducibility by upregulating cardiac autonomic nervous activity, suggesting a potential autonomic cross talk between kidney and heart.

Impacts of Renal Sympathetic Activation on Atrial Fibrillation: The Potential Role of the Autonomic Cross Talk Between Kidney and Heart