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Background  The mitochondrion is the primary target of oxidative stress in response to exogenous environments. Mitochondrial  DNA  (mt DNA ) is independent from nuclear  DNA  and uses separate epigenetic machinery to regulate mt DNA  methylation. The mt DNA  damage induced by oxidative stress can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and is implicated in human diseases; however, mt DNA  methylation has been largely overlooked in environmental studies relating to human disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between exposure to fine metal‐rich particulates (particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter [ PM  2.5 ]) from welding in a boilermaker union and blood mt DNA  methylation in relation to heart rate variability.    Methods and Results  Forty‐eight healthy men were recruited on multiple sampling cycles at the Boilermaker Union Local 29, located in Quincy, Massachusetts. We measured personal  PM  2.5  in the background ambient environment. We measured blood mt DNA  methylation in the mt DNA  promoter (D‐loop) and genes essential for  ATP  synthesis (  MT ‐ TF   and   MT ‐ RNR 1 ) by bisulfite pyrosequencing. All analyses were adjusted for demographics, type of job, season, welding‐work day, and mt DNA  methylation experimental batch effect. The participants’  PM  2.5  exposure was significantly higher after a welding‐work day (mean 0.38 mg/m 3 ) than the background personal level (mean 0.15 mg/m 3 ,  P <0.001). Blood mt DNA  methylation in the D‐loop promoter was associated with  PM  2.5  levels (β=−0.99%,  SE =0.41,  P =0.02).   MT ‐ TF   and   MT ‐ RNR 1  methylation was not associated with  PM  2.5  exposure (β=0.10%,  SE =0.45,  P =0.82). Interaction of  PM  2.5  exposure levels and D‐loop promoter methylation was significantly associated with markers of heart rate variability.    Conclusions  Blood mt DNA  methylation levels were negatively associated with  PM  2.5  exposure and modified the adverse relationships between  PM  2.5  exposure and heart rate variability outcomes.

Effects of Air Pollution and Blood Mitochondrial DNA Methylation on Markers of Heart Rate Variability