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Background  Trimethylamine‐ N ‐oxide ( TMAO ), a metabolite derived from gut microbes and dietary phosphatidylcholine, is linked to both coronary artery disease pathogenesis and increased cardiovascular risks. The ability of plasma  TMAO  to predict 5‐year mortality risk in patients with stable coronary artery disease has not been reported. This study examined the clinical prognostic value of  TMAO  in patients with stable coronary artery disease who met eligibility criteria for a patient cohort similar to that of the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial.    Methods and Results  We examined the relationship between fasting plasma  TMAO  and all‐cause mortality over 5‐year follow‐up in sequential patients with stable coronary artery disease (n=2235) who underwent elective coronary angiography. We identified the  COURAGE ‐like patient cohort as patients who had evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis and who were managed with optimal medical treatment. Higher plasma  TMAO  levels were associated with a 4‐fold increased mortality risk. Following adjustments for traditional risk factors, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, elevated  TMAO  levels remained predictive of 5‐year all‐cause mortality risk (quartile 4 versus 1, adjusted hazard ratio 1.95, 95%  CI  1.33–2.86;  P =0.003).  TMAO  remained predictive of incident mortality risk following cardiorenal and inflammatory biomarker adjustments to the model (adjusted hazard ratio 1.71, 95%  CI  1.11–2.61;  P =0.0138) and provided significant incremental prognostic value for all‐cause mortality (net reclassification index 42.37%,  P <0.001; improvement in area under receiver operator characteristic curve 70.6–73.76%,  P <0.001).    Conclusions  Elevated plasma  TMAO  levels portended higher long‐term mortality risk among patients with stable coronary artery disease managed with optimal medical treatment.

journal of the american heart association

Intestinal Microbiota‐Generated Metabolite Trimethylamine‐ N‐ Oxide and 5‐Year Mortality Risk in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Contributory Role of Intestinal Microbiota in a  COURAGE ‐Like Patient Cohort