English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Open

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Insights

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Background  No study to date has investigated longitudinal trajectories of cardiac autonomic modulation changes with aging; therefore, we lack evidence showing whether these changes occur naturally or are secondary to disease or medication use. This study tested whether heart rate variability ( HRV ) trajectories from middle to older age are largely normative or caused by pathological changes with aging in a large prospective cohort. We further assessed whether  HRV  changes were modified by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or habitual physical activity.    Methods and Results  This study involved 3176 men and 1238 women initially aged 44 to 69 years (1997–1999) from the  UK  Whitehall  II  population‐based cohort. We evaluated time‐ and frequency‐domain  HRV  measures of short‐term recordings at 3 time points over a 10‐year period. Random mixed models with time‐varying covariates were applied. Cross‐sectionally,  HRV  measures were lower for men than for women, for participants with cardiometabolic conditions, and for participants reporting use of medications other than beta blockers. Longitudinally,  HRV  measures decreased significantly with aging in both sexes, with faster decline in younger age groups.  HRV  trajectories were not explained by increased prevalence of cardiometabolic problems and/or medication use. In women, cardiometabolic problems were associated with faster decline in the standard deviation of all intervals between R waves with normal‐to‐normal conduction, in low‐frequency  HRV , and in low‐frequency  HRV  in normalized units. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and habitual physical activity did not have significant effects on  HRV  trajectories.    Conclusions  Our investigation showed a general pattern and timing of changes in indices of cardiac autonomic modulation from middle to older age. These changes seem likely to reflect the normal aging process rather than being secondary to cardiometabolic problems and medication use.

journal of the american heart association

Are Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Middle‐Aged and Older People Normative or Caused by Pathological Conditions? Findings From a Large Population‐Based Longitudinal Cohort Study