Open AccessEmerging Concepts in Precision Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations
Author(s) -
George A. Mensah,
Cashell E. Jaquish,
Pothur R. Srinivas,
George Papanicolaou,
Gina S. Wei,
Nicole Redmond,
Megan C. Roberts,
Cheryl Nelson,
Larissa Avilés-Santa,
Mona Puggal,
Melissa C. Green Parker,
Mollie A. Minear,
Whitney Barfield,
Kathleen N. Fenton,
Cheryl Anne Boyce,
Michael M. Engelgau,
Muin J. Khoury
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
circulation research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.899
H-Index - 336
eISSN - 1524-4571
pISSN - 0009-7330
DOI - 10.1161/circresaha.119.314970
Subject(s) - precision medicine , ethnic group , pharmacogenomics , disease , health equity , medicine , personalized medicine , gerontology , bioinformatics , public health , political science , pathology , biology , law , pharmacology
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality and a major contributor to preventable deaths worldwide. The dominant modifiable risk factors and the social and environmental determinants that increase cardiovascular risk are known, and collectively, are as important in racial and ethnic minority populations as they are in majority populations. Their prevention and treatment remain the foundation for cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention. Genetic and epigenetic factors are increasingly recognized as important contributors to cardiovascular risk and provide an opportunity for advancing precision cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we explore emerging concepts at the interface of precision medicine and cardiovascular disease in racial and ethnic minority populations. Important among these are the lack of racial and ethnic diversity in genomics studies and biorepositories; the resulting misclassification of benign variants as pathogenic in minorities; and the importance of ensuring ancestry-matched controls in variant interpretation. We address the relevance of epigenetics, pharmacogenomics, genetic testing and counseling, and their social and cultural implications. We also examine the potential impact of precision medicine on racial and ethnic disparities. The National Institutes of Health’sAll of Us Research Program and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Initiative are presented as examples of research programs at the forefront of precision medicine and diversity to explore research implications in minorities. We conclude with an overview of implementation research challenges in precision medicine and the ethical implications in minority populations. Successful implementation of precision medicine in cardiovascular disease in minority populations will benefit from strategies that directly address diversity and inclusion in genomics research and go beyond race and ethnicity to explore ancestry-matched controls, as well as geographic, cultural, social, and environmental determinants of health.