Open AccessCombined Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on Perinatal Outcome
Author(s) -
Hein J. Odendaal,
D.W. Steyn,
Amy J. Elliott,
Larry Burd
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
gynecologic and obstetric investigation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.631
H-Index - 63
eISSN - 1423-002X
pISSN - 0378-7346
DOI - 10.1159/000150597
Subject(s) - pregnancy , medicine , obstetrics , odds ratio , intrauterine growth restriction , population , low birth weight , smoke , tobacco smoke , birth weight , passive smoking , fetus , environmental health , genetics , physics , biology , meteorology
An increase in various congenital abnormalities associated with cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol during pregnancy has been reported in many studies. These exposures also increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as abruptio placentae, unexplained stillbirth, preterm labor and intrauterine growth restriction. However, very few studies have addressed the combined effect of smoking and drinking on pregnancy outcomes.