Genomic and epigenomic active vitamin D responses in human colonic organoids

Active vitamin D, 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 , is a nuclear hormone with roles in colonic homeostasis and carcinogenesis; yet, mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Human organoids are an ideal system to study genomic and epigenomic host-environment interactions. Here, we use human colonic organoids to measure 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 responses on genome-wide gene expression and chromatin accessibility over time. Human colonic organoids were cultured and treated in triplicate with 100 nM 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 or vehicle control for 4 h and 18 h for chromatin accessibility, and 6 h and 24 h for gene expression. ATAC- and RNA-sequencing were performed. Differentially accessible peaks were analyzed using DiffBind and edgeR; differentially expressed genes were analyzed using DESeq2. Motif enrichment was determined using HOMER. At 6 h and 24 h, 2,870 and 2,721 differentially expressed genes, respectively (false discovery rate, FDR < 5%), were identified with overall stronger responses with 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Similarly, 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment led to stronger chromatin accessibility especially at 4 h. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) motif was strongly enriched among accessible chromatin peaks with 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment accounting for 30.5% and 11% of target sequences at 4 h and 18 h, respectively (FDR < 1%). A number of genes such as CYP24A1, FGF19, MYC, FOS , and TGFBR2 showed significant transcriptional and chromatin accessibility responses to 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment with accessible chromatin located distant from promoters for some gene regions. Assessment of chromatin accessibility and transcriptional responses to 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 yielded new observations about vitamin D genome-wide effects in the colon facilitated by application of human colonic organoids. This framework can be applied to study host-environment interactions between individuals and populations in the future.