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There has been growing recent interest in the development of approaches to effectively sequester, capture or convert carbon dioxide to carbon-based simple organic fuels or utility chemicals. In principle, the low-temperature electrocatalytic and visible-light-induced photoelectrochemical approaches to reduction of CO 2  show promise owing to their environmental compatibility and feasibility to combine with renewable energy sources. Electrochemical reductions of CO 2  are multi-electron and multi-proton processes with considerable kinetic barriers requiring development of carefully designed electrode materials. Furthermore, when the CO 2 -reduction is performed in aqueous solutions, the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction is a complicating side-reaction. An additional problem is the appearance of the poisoning or passivating CO-type intermediates. Among important issues are the development of robust specific electrocatalytic systems and stable functionalized semiconducting photocatalytic materials, as well as the understanding of structure - activity relationships. In practical electrolysis cells, the CO 2 -reduction (at cathode) is accompanied by water oxidation (at anode or photoanode).

Strategies for Electrocatalytic Reduction and Photoelectrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Fuels and Utility Chemicals