Open AccessFeedback Control of Two-Component Regulatory Systems
Author(s) -
Eduardo A. Groisman
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
annual review of microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 7.817
H-Index - 192
eISSN - 1545-3251
pISSN - 0066-4227
DOI - 10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095331
Subject(s) - regulator , response regulator , two component regulatory system , component (thermodynamics) , phosphorylation , feedback control , microbiology and biotechnology , feedback regulation , control theory (sociology) , biology , control (management) , biological system , gene , computer science , genetics , control engineering , mathematics , engineering , bacterial protein , physics , artificial intelligence , mathematics education , mutant , thermodynamics
Two-component systems are a dominant form of bacterial signal transduction. The prototypical two-component system consists of a sensor that responds to a specific input(s) by modifying the output of a cognate regulator. Because the output of a two-component system is the amount of phosphorylated regulator, feedback mechanisms may alter the amount of regulator, and/or modify the ability of a sensor or other proteins to alter the phosphorylation state of the regulator. Two-component systems may display intrinsic feedback whereby the amount of phosphorylated regulator changes under constant inducing conditions and without the participation of additional proteins. Feedback control allows a two-component system to achieve particular steady-state levels, to reach a given steady state with distinct dynamics, to express coregulated genes in a given order, and to activate a regulator to different extents, depending on the signal acting on the sensor.