Epidemiological characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 1 infections determined by bulk milk testing of all Dutch dairy herds

Samples of bulk milk were taken from all 33,636 Dutch dairy herds in November 1994 and tested for the presence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV‐1) antibodies with a gB‐blocking ELISA. Sixteen per cent of the herds had a negative BHV‐1 status in the bulk milk. Farms with only dairy cows were 1.9 times more likely to have a negative or weakly positive BHV‐1 status than herds which also had beef/veal animals. Farms in areas containing less than one herd/km 2 were 1.5 times more likely to have a negative or weakly positive BHV‐1 status than herds in areas with more than three herds/km 2 . Differences in numbers of animals per unit area were not significantly associated with BHV‐1 status. The probability of herds having a negative or weakly positive BHV‐1 status decreased linearly with herd size by a factor of 1.2 per 10 animals. The purchase of stock was significantly associated with a negative or weakly positive BHV‐1 status, but there was an interaction between farm type and purchase of stock. For farms with both dairy and beef/veal animals there was a weak association between the purchase of stock and BHV‐1 status. For pure dairy herds the probability of having a negative or weakly positive BHV‐1 status decreased linearly with the numbers of purchased stock by a factor of 1.3 per 10 animals purchased.