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The hybrid sensor kinase SagS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a key role in the transition from the planktonic to the biofilm mode of growth. Recently, we have shown that distinct sets of residues in its periplasmic HmsP sensory domain are involved in the regulation of biofilm formation or antibiotic tolerance. Interestingly, the HmsP domain of the phosphodiesterase BifA shows great predicted structural similarity to that of SagS, despite moderate sequence conservation and only a number of residues involved in SagS signaling being conserved between both proteins. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that BifA and SagS may use similar mechanisms to sense and transduce signals perceived at their periplasmic HmsP domains and, therefore, may be interchangeable. To test this hypothesis, we constructed SagS hybrids in which the HmsP domain of SagS was replaced by that of BifA (and vice versa) or by the DISMED2 sensory domain of NicD. The SagS-BifA hybrid restored attachment and biofilm formation by the Δ bifA mutant. Likewise, while the NicD-SagS hybrid was nonfunctional, the BifA-SagS hybrid partially restored pathways leading to biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance in a Δ sagS mutant background. Furthermore, alanine substitution of key residues previously associated with the biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance pathways of SagS impaired signal transduction by the BifA-SagS hybrid in a similar way to SagS. In conclusion, our data indicate that the nature of the sensory domain is important for proper functionality of the cytoplasmic effector domains and that signal sensing and transduction are likely conserved in SagS and BifA. IMPORTANCE Biofilms have been associated with more than 60% of all recalcitrant and chronic infections and can render bacterial cells up to a thousand times more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. Although it is known that the transition from the planktonic to the biofilm mode of growth involves two-component regulatory systems, increased c-di-GMP levels, and quorum sensing systems among others, the exact signaling events that lead to biofilm formation remain unknown. In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the hybrid sensor kinase SagS regulates biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance through two independent pathways via distinct residues in its periplasmic sensory domain. Interestingly, the sensory domains of SagS and BifA show great predicted structural similarity despite moderate sequence conservation. Here we show that the sensory domains of BifA and SagS are functionally interchangeable and that they use a similar mechanism of signal sensing and transduction, which broadens our understanding of how bacteria perceive and transduce signals when transitioning to the biofilm mode of growth.

Signal Sensing and Transduction Are Conserved between the Periplasmic Sensory Domains of BifA and SagS