Novel Cassette Assay To Quantify the Outer Membrane Permeability of Five β-Lactams Simultaneously in Carbapenem-ResistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeandEnterobacter cloacae

Antimicrobial resistance is causing a global human health crisis and is affecting all antibiotic classes. While β-lactams have been commonly used against susceptible isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniae andEnterobacter cloacae , carbapenem-resistant isolates are spreading worldwide and pose substantial clinical challenges. Rapid penetration of β-lactams leads to high drug concentrations at their periplasmic target sites, allowing β-lactams to more completely inactivate their target receptors. Despite this, there are limited tangible data on the permeability of β-lactams through the outer membranes of many Gram-negative pathogens. This study presents a novel, cassette assay, which can simultaneously characterize the permeability of five β-lactams in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. We show that carbapenems, and especially imipenem, penetrate the outer membrane ofK. pneumoniae andE. cloacae substantially faster than noncarbapenem β-lactams. The ability to efficiently characterize the outer membrane permeability is critical to optimize the use of β-lactams and combat carbapenem-resistant isolates.