B Lymphocytes, but Not Dendritic Cells, Efficiently HIV-1 Trans Infect Naive CD4 + T Cells: Implications for the Viral Reservoir

Insight into the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4 + T cell subsets is critical for the development of therapeutics targeting the HIV-1 reservoir. Although the frequency of HIV-1 infection, as quantified by the frequency of HIV-1 DNA, is lower in CD4 + naive T cells (T N ) than in the memory T cell subsets, recent studies have shown that T N harbor a large pool of replication-competent virus. Interestingly, however, T N are highly resistant to direct ( cis ) HIV-1 infection in vitro , in particular to R5-tropic HIV-1, as T N do not express CCR5. In this study, we investigated whether T N could be efficiently HIV-1 trans infected by professional antigen-presenting B lymphocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) in the absence of global T cell activation. We found that B cells, but not DC, have a unique ability to efficiently trans infect T N in vitro In contrast, both B cells and DC mediated HIV-1 trans infection of memory and activated CD4 + T cells. Moreover, we found that T N isolated from HIV-1-infected nonprogressors (NP) harbor significantly disproportionately lower levels of HIV-1 DNA than T N isolated from progressors. This is consistent with our previous finding that antigen-presenting cells (APC) derived from NP do not efficiently trans infect CD4 + T cells due to alterations in APC cholesterol metabolism and cell membrane lipid raft organization. These findings support that B cell-mediated trans infection of T N with HIV-1 has a more profound role than previously considered in establishing the viral reservoir and control of HIV-1 disease progression. IMPORTANCE The latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir in persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major barrier to a cure. Although most studies have focused on the HIV-1 reservoir in the memory T cell subset, replication-competent HIV-1 has been isolated from T N , and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 has been recovered from CCR5 neg T N from ART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals. In this study, we showed that CCR5 neg T N are efficiently trans infected with R5-tropic HIV-1 by B lymphocytes, but not by myeloid dendritic cells. Furthermore, we found that T N isolated from NP harbor no or significantly fewer copies of HIV-1 DNA than those from ART-suppressed progressors. These findings support that B cell-mediated trans infection of T N with HIV-1 has a more profound role than previously considered in establishing the viral reservoir and control of HIV-1 disease progression. Understanding the establishment and maintenance of the HIV-1 latent reservoir is fundamental for the design of effective treatments for viral eradication.