A recent fixation of cfiA genes in a monophyletic cluster of Bacteroides fragilis is correlated with the presence of multiple insertion elements

Small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 16 strains of Bacteroides fragilis were determined and compared with previously published sequences. Three phylogenetic methods (the neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood, and maximum-parsimony methods) as well as a bootstrap analysis were used to assess the robustness of each topology. All phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the B. fragilis strains were clearly divided into two robust monophyletic units which corresponded to the cfiA-negative and cfiA-positive groups. Strains of two previously identified DNA homology groups separated similarly into the two monophyletic units. According to the intensity of the hybridization signal with a cfiA probe, the cfiA-positive cluster could be further divided into two groups. This difference might reflect the existence of two, probably closely related cfiA-type genes. In the strongly hybridizing cfiA-positive strains, the gene is capable of conferring high-level resistance to the carbapenems and to most beta-lactamase inhibitors as well, while in the weakly hybridizing cfiA-positive strains, only the latter type of resistance is known to occur. The presence of the cfiA-type genes within a monophyletic cluster of B. fragilis that apparently represents only a minority of the species B. fragilis is suggestive of a recent acquisition. The fact that this cluster is also the predominant pool of all known B. fragilis insertion elements, which have been found to play an important role in the expression of carbapenem resistance, raises the possibility that both genetic determinants, i.e., the resistance gene(s) and insertion elements, may have coevolved.