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A lack of appropriate disease models has limited our understanding of the pathogenesis of persistent enteric infections withMycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis . A model was developed for the controlled delivery of a defined dose ofM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis to surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves. The stable intestinal segments enabled the characterization of host responses to persistentM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis infections after a 9-month period, including an analysis of local mucosal immune responses relative to an adjacent uninfected intestinal compartment.M. avium subsp.paratuberculosis remained localized at the initial site of intestinal infection and was not detected by PCR in the mesenteric lymph node.M. avium subsp.paratuberculosis -specific T cell proliferative responses included both CD4 and γδ T cell receptor (γδTcR) T cell responses in the draining mesenteric lymph node. The levels of CD8+ and γδTcR+ T cells increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in the lamina propria, andM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis -specific tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon secretion by lamina propria leukocytes was also significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) accumulation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lamina propria, but the expression of mucosal toll-like receptors 1 through 10 was not significantly changed byM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection. In conclusion, surgically isolated ileal segments provided a model system for the establishment of a persistent and localized entericM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection in cattle and facilitated the analysis ofM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis -specific changes in mucosal leukocyte phenotype and function. The accumulation of DC subpopulations in the lamina propria suggests that further investigation of mucosal DCs may provide insight into host responses toM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection and improve vaccine strategies to preventM. avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection.

Host Responses to Persistent Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Surgically Isolated Bovine Ileal Segments