Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after oral and parenteral administration

In 12 fasting volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867; 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluor-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carbonic acid) were determined after the administration of 50, 100, and 750 mg orally as well as 50 and 100 mg intravenously over 15 min. Serum and urine concentrations were detected with a bioassay. In addition, urine concentrations after a 50-mg dosing were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The serum course of ciprofloxacin could best be described by an open three-compartment model. High volumes of distribution (exceeding 200 liters/100 kg) suggested effective diffusions in the extravascular space. The terminal half-life of ciprofloxacin ranged between 3 and 4 h. High total and renal clearances suggested additional elimination pathways, such as tubular secretion, metabolism, or biliary excretion. After oral administration, absorption was sufficient, and the absolute bioavailability varied between 0.77 and 0.63. Maximal serum concentrations were attained 0.5 to 1 h after dosing; the higher dosage tended towards a delay in absorption. The proportion of the relative amount of metabolites to the total amount of drug excreted in urine increased from 29.7% after intravenous administration to 42.7% after oral dosing, indicating a first-pass effect of the liver. Ciprofloxacin concentrations with a bioassay were 3 to 27% higher than with high-pressure liquid chromatography, which may indicate the presence of biologically active metabolites. No side effects were recorded.