Open AccessReported Lead Levels in Different Environmental Matrices in Colombia
Author(s) -
Carol Brigitte Hernández Rodríguez,
Álvaro Gutiérrez-Malaxechebarria,
Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
ingenieria y universidad/ingenieria y universidad
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 0123-2126
pISSN - 2011-2769
DOI - 10.11144/javeriana.iued25.rlld
Subject(s) - bioindicator , lead (geology) , environmental science , lead pollution , environmental health , inclusion and exclusion criteria , scale (ratio) , inclusion (mineral) , environmental protection , environmental planning , pollution , environmental chemistry , geography , ecology , chemistry , biology , medicine , mineralogy , pathology , cartography , paleontology , alternative medicine
Objective: The aim of this paper is to present a review of specific cases that reported lead concentrations in blood, objects, food, soil, bioindicators, air, and water in specific places in Colombia and evaluate the reported concentrations against target values. Materials and Methods: A systematic qualitative literature review of publications between 1995 and 2019 was done; using Boolean operators 1571 papers were identified, to which 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria were applied. A total of 57 studies met the defined criteria. The reports in these studies were geo-localized and compared with acceptable values. Results and Discussion: Results suggest that lead is present in all environmental matrices, widely distributed in the Colombian territory, and that 72 % of the cases exceeded regulation limits. The percentage of noncompliance per environmental matrix was 89 % for blood samples, 71 % in food, 63 %, in soil, 89 % for bioindicators, 60 % for air, and 55 % for water. Conclusion: These results show that lead pollution is a large-scale problem in the country, more systematic studies are needed, and control measures, policy-making and regulatory updating should be pursued.