Threshold behaviour of human axons explored using subthreshold perturbations to membrane potential

The present study explores the threshold behaviour of human axons and the mechanisms contributing to this behaviour. The changes in excitability of cutaneous afferents in the median nerve at the wrist were recorded to a long‐lasting subthreshold conditioning stimulus, with a waveform designed to maximize the contribution of currents active in the just‐subthreshold region. The conditioning stimulus produced a decrease in threshold that developed over 3–5 ms following the end of the depolarization and then decayed slowly, in a pattern similar to the recovery of axonal excitability following a discharge. To ensure that the conditioning stimulus did not activate low‐threshold axons, similar recordings were then made from single motor axons in the ulnar nerve at the elbow. The findings were comparable, and behaviour with the same pattern and time course could be reproduced by subthreshold stimuli in a model of the human axon. In motor axons, subthreshold depolarizing stimuli, 1 ms long, produced a similar increase in excitability, but the late hyperpolarizing deflection was less prominent. This behaviour was again reproduced by the model axon and could be explained by the passive properties of the nodal membrane and conventional Na + and K + currents. The modelling studies emphasized the importance of leak current through the Barrett–Barrett resistance, even in the subthreshold region, and suggested a significant contribution of K + currents to the threshold behaviour of axons. While the gating of slow K + channels is slow, the resultant current may not be slow if there are substantial changes in membrane potential. By extrapolation, we suggest that, when human axons discharge, nodal slow K + currents will be activated sufficiently early to contribute to the early changes in excitability following the action potential.