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Global REACH 2018: The influence of acute and chronic hypoxia on cerebral haemodynamics and related functional outcomes during cold and heat stress
Author(s) -
Gibbons T. D.,
Tymko M. M.,
Thomas K. N.,
Wilson L. C.,
Stembridge M.,
Caldwell H. G.,
Howe C. A.,
Hoiland R. L.,
Akerman A. P.,
Dawkins T. G.,
Patrician A.,
Coombs G. B.,
Gasho C.,
Stacey B. S.,
Ainslie P. N.,
Cotter J. D.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
the journal of physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.802
H-Index - 240
eISSN - 1469-7793
pISSN - 0022-3751
DOI - 10.1113/jp278917
Subject(s) - stressor , cerebral blood flow , hypoxia (environmental) , hemodynamics , medicine , context (archaeology) , anesthesia , cardiology , oxygen , chemistry , biology , psychiatry , paleontology , organic chemistry
Key points Thermal and hypoxic stress commonly coexist in environmental, occupational and clinical settings, yet how the brain tolerates these multi‐stressor environments is unknown Core cooling by 1.0°C reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) by 20–30% and cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO 2 ) by 12–19% at sea level and high altitude, whereas core heating by 1.5°C did not reliably reduce CBF or CDO 2 Oxygen content in arterial blood was fully restored with acclimatisation to 4330 m, but concurrent cold stress reduced CBF and CDO 2 Gross indices of cognition were not impaired by any combination of thermal and hypoxic stress despite large reductions in CDO 2 Chronic hypoxia renders the brain susceptible to large reductions in oxygen delivery with concurrent cold stress, which might make monitoring core temperature more important in this contextAbstract Real‐world settings are composed of multiple environmental stressors, yet the majority of research in environmental physiology investigates these stressors in isolation. The brain is central in both behavioural and physiological responses to threatening stimuli and, given its tight metabolic and haemodynamic requirements, is particularly susceptible to environmental stress. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF, duplex ultrasound), cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO 2 ), oesophageal temperature, and arterial blood gases during exposure to three commonly experienced environmental stressors – heat, cold and hypoxia – in isolation, and in combination. Twelve healthy male subjects (27 ± 11 years) underwent core cooling by 1.0°C and core heating by 1.5°C in randomised order at sea level; acute hypoxia ( P ET , O 2 = 50 mm Hg) was imposed at baseline and at each thermal extreme. Core cooling and heating protocols were repeated after 16 ± 4 days residing at 4330 m to investigate any interactions with high altitude acclimatisation. Cold stress decreased CBF by 20–30% and CDO 2 by 12–19% (both P < 0.01) irrespective of altitude, whereas heating did not reliably change either CBF or CDO 2 (both P > 0.08). The increases in CBF with acute hypoxia during thermal stress were appropriate to maintain CDO 2 at normothermic, normoxic values. Reaction time was faster and slower by 6–9% with heating and cooling, respectively (both P < 0.01), but central (brain) processes were not impaired by any combination of environmental stressors. These findings highlight the powerful influence of core cooling in reducing CDO 2 . Despite these large reductions in CDO 2 with cold stress, gross indices of cognition remained stable.