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Eocene–Oligocene sea‐level fall drove amphipod habitat shift from marine to freshwater in the Far East
Author(s) -
Li Yulong,
Li Shuqiang,
Liu Hongguang,
Kurenshchikov Dmitry K.,
Hou Zhonge
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
zoologica scripta
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.204
H-Index - 64
eISSN - 1463-6409
pISSN - 0300-3256
DOI - 10.1111/zsc.12409
Subject(s) - habitat , range (aeronautics) , ecology , freshwater ecosystem , biology , marine habitats , freshwater fish , marine ecosystem , lake ecosystem , oceanography , ecosystem , fishery , geology , fish <actinopterygii> , composite material , materials science
The Eocene–Oligocene sea‐level fall has been viewed as a primary driver of biological succession. We used Anisogammaridae living in both marine and freshwater habitats to test the hypothesis that Eocene–Oligocene sea‐level fall can explain the marine–freshwater habitat shift in the Far East. We obtained three mitochondrial and two nuclear fragments for 138 samples representing 31 species, covering marine and freshwater habitats from latitudes 24 to 50°N. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that freshwater Anisogammaridae is monophyletic. Divergence‐time estimation and ancestral range reconstruction indicate that the family originated from a marine habitat in the North Pacific region during the Eocene and separated between marine and freshwater lineages at 38 Ma. The freshwater lineage diversified at 27 Ma, and further diverged into lotic and lentic clades. Our results suggest that the Eocene–Oligocene sea‐level fall provided an opportunity for marine‐derived Anisogammaridae to shift to new freshwater habitats. The freshwater anisogammarids dispersed from north to south, resulting in the restriction of current marine species restricted to the latitudes 35–50°N and the range of freshwater species in latitudes 24–40°N. Deep divergences within the freshwater lineage were related to the separation of lotic and lentic environments and the opening of the Japan Sea.