Phylogenetic relationships in the Sceloporus variabilis (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) complex based on three molecular markers, continuous characters and geometric morphometric data

The monophyly of the Sceloporus variabilis group is well established with five species and two species complexes, but phylogenetic relationships within species complexes are still uncertain. We studied 278 specimens in 20 terminals to sample all taxa in the “variabilis group,” including three subspecies in the “ variabilis complex,” and two outgroups ( Sceloporus grammicus and Sceloporus megalepidurus ). We assembled an extensive morphological data set with discrete and continuous characters (distances and scale counts), including geometric morphometric data (landmark coordinates of three shapes), and a three‐marker molecular data set as well (ND4, 12S and RAG1). We conducted parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences on these data, including several partitioning and weighting schemes. We suggest elevating three subspecies to full species status. Therefore, we recommend recognition of nine species in the “variabilis group.” First, S. variabilis is sister to Sceloporus teapensis . In turn, Sceloporus cozumelae is sister to Sceloporus olloporus . These four species are a monophyletic group, which is sister to Sceloporus smithi . Finally, Sceloporus marmoratus is sister of the clade of five species. The other species in the “variabilis group” ( Sceloporus chrysostictus , Sceloporus couchii and Sceloporus parvus ) are a paraphyletic grade at the base of the tree. Our analyses reject the existence of the “ variabilis complex.” We conducted a parsimony‐based ancestral reconstruction on body size (snout–vent length), femoral pores and dorsal scales and related morphological changes to geographic distribution of the species. Our phylogenetic hypothesis will allow best designs of comparative studies with species in the “ variabilis group,” one of the earliest divergent lineages in the genus.