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Genetic variation and evolutionary origins of parthenogenetic Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) with different ploidies
Author(s) -
Asem Alireza,
Eimanifar Amin,
Sun ShiChun
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
zoologica scripta
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.204
H-Index - 64
eISSN - 1463-6409
pISSN - 0300-3256
DOI - 10.1111/zsc.12162
Subject(s) - biology , parthenogenesis , ploidy , anostraca , mitochondrial dna , polyphyly , phylogenetic tree , genetic variation , genetics , branchiopoda , zoology , evolutionary biology , gene , embryo , crustacean , clade , cladocera
Using two nuclear ( ITS 1 and Na + /K +ATP ase ) and three mitochondrial ( COI , 16S and 12S ) markers, we determined the genetic variation and evolutionary relationship of parthenogenetic and bisexual Artemia . Our analyses revealed that mitochondrial genes had higher genetic variation than nuclear genes and that the 16S showed more variety than the other mitochondrial genes in parthenogenetic populations. Triploid parthenogens showed lower genetic variation than diploid ones, whereas the tetra‐ and pentaploids had greater genetic distance than diploid parthenogens. No shared haplotype was found between individuals of parthenogenetic populations and Asian bisexual species with the exception of Na + /K +ATP ase ( Artemia tibetiana ). Only mitochondrial markers can demonstrate phylogenetic relationships, and showed that the parthenogenetic Artemia is a polyphyletic group in which the diploid lineages share a common ancestor with Artemia urmiana while tetraploids are closely related to Artemia sinica . The triploid and pentaploid linages are likely to be directly derived from diploid and tetraploid parthenogens, respectively. Subsequently, west Asia is origin for di‐/triploids, and tetra‐/pentaploids rose from East Asia.