Premium
Tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival bacterial flora in selected captive wild ruminants
Author(s) -
Kvapil Pavel,
Pirš Tina,
Slavec Brigita,
Luštrik Roman,
Zemljič Tadej,
Bártová Eva,
Stranjac Bojana,
Kastelic Marjan
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
veterinary ophthalmology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.594
H-Index - 50
eISSN - 1463-5224
pISSN - 1463-5216
DOI - 10.1111/vop.12478
Subject(s) - ovis , veterinary medicine , population , intraocular pressure , biology , medicine , ophthalmology , environmental health
Objective Evaluation of tear production (Schirmer's tear test, STT ) and measurement of intraocular pressure ( IOP ) were performed in a population of captive wild ungulates in a Slovenian ZOO during routine annual health check. Animals studied In total, 10 fallow deer ( Dama dama ), 25 mouflons ( Ovis aries musimon ), 20 alpine ibexes ( Capra ibex ), and three alpine chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) were included in the study. Methods Tear production was performed by Schirmer's tear test, IOP was measured with an applanation tonometer, and ophthalmological examination was conducted with slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Conjunctival swabs were taken and submitted for aerobic bacteriology and for detection of Chlamydia spp . and Mycoplasma spp. tested by PCR . Results Average tear production (in mm/min) was 17.8 ± 3.16 for fallow deer, 17.9 ± 3.87 for mouflons, and 11.7 ± 3.87 for ibexes. Mean intraocular pressure ( IOP , in mm Hg) was 14.1 ± 2.48 for fallow deer, 14.9 ± 2.20 for mouflons, and 13.1 ± 2.43 for ibexes. For chamois, average tear production and IOP were 14.5 ± 3.0 and 10.2 ± 2.5, respectively; this is the first record of STT I and IOP in chamois. Bacteriological swabs were positive for bacteria in 100% of the fallow deer, 56% of mouflons, 35% of ibexes, and 100% of chamois. Gram‐positive bacteria were predominant. Moraxella spp., Chlamydia spp., and Mycoplasma spp. were not detected. Conclusion The reported values were obtained in animals under manual restraint only to be applicative in similar conditions.