Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin ( E udyptes chrysolophus ) and southern rockhopper penguin ( E udyptes chrysocome )

Objective To describe ophthalmic examination findings and standard diagnostic test results in 2 penguin species. Animals Studied M acaroni & S outhern R ockhopper P enguins. Procedure Complete ophthalmic examinations including Schirmer tear test ( STT ), modified phenol red thread test ( PTT ), tonometry, and echobiometry were performed on penguins housed at the Detroit Zoo. Mean and standard deviation of ophthalmic tests are reported and compared for significance using two sample t‐tests with significance set at P  < 0.05. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results Cataracts were the most common finding, present in 64% of M acaroni P enguins, and 68% of R ockhopper P enguins. There were anterior segment anomalies in all eyes with cataracts consistent with lens‐induced uveitis. The mean modified PTT for the Macaronis was 24.7 ± 6.37 mm/15 s and 25.1 ± 7.07 mm/15 s in the Rockhoppers. The mean STT value for the Macaronis was 12.1 ± 5.43 mm/min and 11.0 ± 3.96 mm/min in the R ockhoppers. Mean intraocular pressure ( IOP ) for the Macaronis was 21.9 ± 7.05 mmHg measured by applanation tonometry and 29.1 ± 7.16 mmHg using rebound tonometry. The Rockhoppers had a mean IOP of 20.0 ± 5.77 mmHg and 24.1 ± 5.09 mmHg for applanation and rebound tonometry, respectively. In both populations, there was a significant difference in IOP measurement between the two instruments. In the M acaroni penguins, the presence of cataracts correlated significantly with increased age and lower IOP readings. Anterior chamber distance and axial globe length were significantly greater in males than in females in both penguin species.