Erythema multiforme, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative review

Background Human erythema multiforme ( EM ) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis ( SJS / TEN ) are separate conditions. There is no consensus on classification criteria for the eponymous diseases in animals. Results Animal EM is very different from 90% of human EM , which is herpes virus associated ( HAEM ). Animals lack acrally distributed, typical raised targets. Unlike canine parvovirus ‘ EM ’, HAEM is not an active infection. Animal EM is often attributed to drugs, but this is rarely proved. Conversely, human and animal SJS / TEN are almost identical, life‐threatening disorders of epidermal necrosis and detachment, typically triggered by drugs (occasionally by infectious agents). Both EM and SJS / TEN are mediated by cytotoxic lymphocyte responses against altered keratinocytes (infectious agents or drugs). Apoptosis results from direct cytotoxicity or through soluble mediators, namely Fas ligand, granzymes, perforin and granulysin. Diagnosis in humans is clinicopathological, with emphasis on clinical lesions; histopathology confirms the pathological process as interface (cytotoxic) dermatitis. Human EM is self‐limiting; only recurrent and rare persistent cases require antiviral/immunosuppressive therapies. Drug‐induced EM responds to drug withdrawal. Idiopathic canine EM (>40%) is usually chronic, refractory to treatment and may represent heterogeneous conditions. Early identification and removal of the causative drug and high‐quality supportive care are critical in SJS / TEN . Mortality rate is nevertheless high. Conclusions and clinical importance (1) Histopathological lesions do not reliably differentiate EM , SJS and TEN . (2) A multicentre study to develop a consensus set of clinical criteria for EM and SJS / TEN in animals is overdue. (3) No adjunctive therapies, including intravenous immunoglobulin and ciclosporin, have met evidence‐based standards.