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Hemostatic profile under fluid resuscitation during rivaroxaban anticoagulation: an in vitro survey
Author(s) -
Helin Tuukka A.,
Zuurveld Marleen,
Manninen Mikko,
Meijers Joost C. M.,
Lassila Riitta,
Brinkman Herm Jan M.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
transfusion
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.045
H-Index - 132
eISSN - 1537-2995
pISSN - 0041-1132
DOI - 10.1111/trf.14933
Subject(s) - rivaroxaban , thromboelastography , medicine , tranexamic acid , fresh frozen plasma , coagulation , fibrinogen , resuscitation , fibrin , whole blood , anesthesia , coagulation testing , anticoagulant , pharmacology , surgery , immunology , platelet , blood loss , atrial fibrillation , warfarin
BACKGROUND Uncontrollable bleeding is the leading cause of death in traumatically injured patients. The extent to which direct factor Xa inhibitors interfere with the applied resuscitation measures is presently unknown. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effect of the resuscitation fluids saline, albumin, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and solvent/detergent (S/D)‐treated plasma, fibrinogen concentrate, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), and combinations thereof on the hemostatic profile of rivaroxaban‐anticoagulated whole blood and plasma. We used rivaroxaban‐spiked whole blood and plasma from healthy donors, as well as plasma from patients on rivaroxaban, and mimicked a resuscitation approach in a 50% plasma dilution setting. Thromboelastography, thrombin generation, and fibrin generation clot lysis test were assessed using tissue factor to initiate coagulation and tissue plasminogen activator to induce clot lysis. RESULTS Rivaroxaban resulted in a hypocoagulant state that remained largely unaltered upon subsequent 50% dilution with S/D‐treated plasma or FFP. Using S/D‐treated plasma as a diluent, clot stability decreased due to its low α 2 ‐antiplasmin. Dilution with saline and albumin induced a profibrinolytic state and further deteriorated the impaired hemostatic potential of rivaroxaban‐anticoagulated blood, even after PCC and fibrinogen support. Combined use of plasma (either FFP or S/D treated) and PCC, however, considerably improved both coagulation and clot stability. CONCLUSION In the setting of rivaroxaban anticoagulation and major blood loss, transfusing plasma together with PCC may provide the most effective resuscitation approach with the notion that additional antifibrinolytic drug support (e.g., tranexamic acid) is likely required.