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Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in HIV ‐infected adults at three urban clinics in a post‐conflict setting, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Author(s) -
Katoto Patrick D. M. C.,
Thienemann Friedrich,
Bulabula André N. H.,
Esterhuizen Tonya M.,
Murhula Aimé B.,
Lunjwire Pierre P. M.,
Bihehe Dieudonné M.,
Nachega Jean B.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
tropical medicine and international health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.056
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1365-3156
pISSN - 1360-2276
DOI - 10.1111/tmi.13073
Subject(s) - medicine , interquartile range , tropical medicine , odds ratio , population , metabolic syndrome , logistic regression , national cholesterol education program , regimen , demography , environmental health , obesity , pathology , sociology
Objective To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for metabolic syndrome ( MS ) in HIV ‐infected adults at three urban clinics in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Design Cross‐sectional study. Methods From July to September 2016, baseline socio‐demographics, risk factors and clinical characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire or extracted from medical records. Fasting blood sugar and lipids were measured. MS was defined per the National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Adult Treatment Panel III ( ATP III ) and the International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) criteria. Adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) was generated through multivariate logistic regression models. Results Of 495 participants, 356 (72%) were women and 474 (95.8%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy ( ART ). The median age (years) [interquartile range ( IQR )] was 43 [36–51]. The overall prevalence of MS per NECP / ATP III and IDF criteria was 27% [95% CI : 20–35%] or 30% [95% CI : 23–38%], respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression, low physical activity ( OR 2.47, 95% CI : 1.40–4.36); daily exposure to biomass fuel smoke (BMF) for more than 2 h ( OR 2.18, 95% CI : 1.01–4.68); protease inhibitor containing ART ( OR : 2.96, 95% CI : 1.07–8.18); and stavudine‐containing ART regimen ( OR : 2.57, 95% CI : 1.11–5.93) were independently associated with MS . Conclusions MS was highly prevalent in this hospital‐based study population. Beside known traditional risk factors and contribution of specific ART regimens to MS , daily exposure to BMF is new and of specific concern, necessitating targeted urgent prevention and management interventions.