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The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub‐Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA)
Author(s) -
Banks Lena Morgon,
Zuurmond Maria,
Ferrand Rashida,
Kuper Hannah
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
tropical medicine and international health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.056
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1365-3156
pISSN - 1360-2276
DOI - 10.1111/tmi.12449
Subject(s) - medicine , epidemiology , dementia , visual impairment , gerontology , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , prevalence , demography , psychiatry , disease , family medicine , sociology
Objective To systematically review evidence on the prevalence and risk of disabilities among children and adults living with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods Articles were identified from 1980 to June 2013 through searching seven electronic databases. Epidemiological studies conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa that explored the association between HIV status and general disability or specific impairments, with or without an HIV ‐uninfected comparison group, were eligible for inclusion. Results Of 12 867 records initially identified, 61 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of disability was high across age groups, impairment types and study locations. Furthermore, 73% of studies using an HIV ‐ comparator found significantly lower levels of functioning in people living with HIV ( PLHIV ). By disability type, the results were as follows: (i) for studies measuring physical impairments ( n = 14), median prevalence of limitations in mobility and motor function among PLHIV was 25.0% (95% CI : 21.8–28.2%). Five of eight comparator studies found significantly reduced functioning among PLHIV ; for arthritis, two of three studies which used an HIV ‐ comparison group found significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV ; (ii) for sensory impairment studies ( n = 17), median prevalence of visual impairment was 11.2% (95% CI : 9.5–13.1%) and hearing impairment was 24.1% (95% CI : 19.2–29.0%) in PLHIV . Significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV was found in one of four (vision) and three of three studies (hearing) with comparators; (iii) for cognitive impairment in adults ( n = 30), median prevalence for dementia was 25.3% (95% CI : 22.0–28.6%) and 40.9% (95% CI : 37.7–44.1%) for general cognitive impairment. Across all types of cognitive impairment, twelve of fourteen studies found a significant detrimental effect of HIV infection; (iv) for developmental delay in children with HIV ( n = 20), median prevalence of motor delay was 67.7% (95% CI : 62.2–73.2%). All nine studies that included a comparator found a significant difference between PLHIV and controls; for cognitive development and global delay, a significant detrimental effect of HIV was found in five of six and one of two studies, respectively. In the nine cohort studies comparing vertically infected and uninfected children, eight showed a significant gap in development over time in children with HIV . Finally, fifteen of thirty‐one (48%) studies found a statistically significant dose–response relationship between indicators of disease progression ( CD 4 or WHO stage) and disability. Conclusions HIV is widespread in sub‐Saharan Africa and the evidence suggests that it is linked to disabilities, affecting a range of body structures and functions. More research is needed to better understand the implications of HIV ‐related disability for individuals, their families as well as those working in the fields of disability and HIV so that appropriate interventions can be developed.