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Co‐occurrence and distribution of East (L1014S) and West (L1014F) A frican knock‐down resistance in A nopheles gambiae sensu lato population of T anzania
Author(s) -
Kabula Bilali,
Kisinza William,
Tungu Patrick,
Ndege Chacha,
Batengana Benard,
Kollo Douglas,
Malima Robert,
Kafuko Jessica,
Mohamed Mahdi,
Magesa Stephen
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
tropical medicine and international health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.056
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1365-3156
pISSN - 1360-2276
DOI - 10.1111/tmi.12248
Subject(s) - anopheles gambiae , biology , allele , population , genetics , genotype , allele frequency , point mutation , genotype frequency , mutation , malaria , gene , immunology , demography , sociology
Abstract Objective Insecticide resistance molecular markers can provide sensitive indicators of resistance development in Anopheles vector populations. Assaying these makers is of paramount importance in the resistance monitoring programme. We investigated the presence and distribution of knock‐down resistance ( kdr) mutations in Anopheles gambiae s.l . in Tanzania. Methods Indoor‐resting Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 10 sites and tested for insecticide resistance using the standard WHO protocol. Polymerase chain reaction‐based molecular diagnostics were used to genotype mosquitoes and detect kdr mutations. Results The An. gambiae tested were resistance to lambdacyhalothrin in Muheza, Arumeru and Muleba. Out of 350 An. gambiae s.l . genotyped, 35% were An. gambiae s.s . and 65% An. arabiensis . L1014S and L1014F mutations were detected in both An. gambiae s.s . and An. arabiensis . L1014S point mutation was found at the allelic frequency of 4–33%, while L1014F was at the allelic frequency 6–41%. The L1014S mutation was much associated with An. gambiae s.s . (χ 2 = 23.41; P < 0.0001) and L1014F associated with An. arabiensis (χ 2 = 11.21; P = 0.0008). The occurrence of the L1014S allele was significantly associated with lambdacyhalothrin resistance mosquitoes (Fisher exact P < 0.001). Conclusion The observed co‐occurrence of L1014S and L1014F mutations coupled with reports of insecticide resistance in the country suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon among our malaria vector populations. The presence of L1014F mutation in this East African mosquito population indicates the spreading of this gene across Africa. The potential operational implications of these findings on malaria control need further exploration.