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Interrelationships and diversification of A rgynnis F abricius and S peyeria S cudder butterflies
Author(s) -
DE MOYA ROBERT S.,
SAVAGE WESLEY K.,
TENNEY CHRIS,
BAO XIAOSHAN,
WAHLBERG NIKLAS,
HILL RYAN I.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
systematic entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.552
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1365-3113
pISSN - 0307-6970
DOI - 10.1111/syen.12236
Subject(s) - biology , phylogenetic tree , monophyly , lineage (genetic) , sympatric speciation , subgenus , zoology , evolutionary biology , taxon , phylogenetics , taxonomy (biology) , ecology , gene , genetics , clade
Diverse radiations of insects are often associated with adaptations to host plants, and well‐resolved phylogenetic relationships are required to fully understand them. Palearctic A rgynnis and related subgenera, together with N orth A merican Speyeria butterflies make up a radiation whose species hypotheses are confounded by shared wing colour patterns between sympatric populations of closely related recognized species. Previous studies of this group indicate that S peyeria is a lineage within A rgynnis , but sampling in these studies has either involved too few S peyeria species or incomplete sampling of A rgynnis species. Thus, no comprehensive phylogenetic analysis exists for all members that answers the question of monophyly of S peyeria , or other subgeneric taxa, and their relationship to A rgynnis species. We completed a phylogenetic analysis of all N orth A merican S peyeria species and all but one species within A rgynnis , using one mitochondrial ( cytochrome c oxidase I , COI ) and four nuclear genes [ elongation factor 1 alpha ( EF1α ), wingless ( WG) , glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH) , and ribosomal protein S5 ( RPS5 )]. The results indicate three major lineages within A rgynnis s.l. : two P alearctic and one containing both P alearctic and N earctic species. In summary, the phylogenetic analyses suggest the need for reorganization into three natural groups: A rgynnis , F abriciana and S peyeria . Within each of these genera the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates an evolutionary history marked by rapid diversification and potential extinction, followed by ongoing lineage sorting. The position of N orth A merican S peyeria is nested within the P alearctic lineages, which indicates that the radiation began in A sia and was fuelled by existing V iola diversity in N orth A merica. Dating analyses of V iola and S peyeria corroborate this hypothesis. The current N orth A merican S peyeria species are mixed on the tree, indicating a recent and ongoing radiation. These results provide needed clarity on the evolution of this group, which contains species of conservation concern.