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The phylogeny of stiletto flies ( D iptera: T herevidae)
Author(s) -
WINTERTON SHAUN L.,
HARDY NATE B.,
GAIMARI STEPHEN D.,
HAUSER MARTIN,
HILL HILARY N.,
HOLSTON KEVIN C.,
IRWIN MICHAEL E.,
LAMBKIN CHRISTINE L.,
METZ MARK A.,
TURCO FEDERICA,
WEBB DONALD,
YANG LONGLONG,
YEATES DAVID K.,
WIEGMANN BRIAN M.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
systematic entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.552
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1365-3113
pISSN - 0307-6970
DOI - 10.1111/syen.12147
Subject(s) - biology , phylogenetics , monophyly , sister group , phylogenetic tree , zoology , genetics , clade , gene
The therevoid clade represents a group of four families ( A psilocephalidae, E vocoidae, S cenopinidae and T herevidae) of lower brachyceran D iptera in the superfamily A siloidea. The largest of these families is that of the stiletto flies ( T herevidae). A large‐scale (i.e. supermatrix) phylogeny of T herevidae is presented based on DNA sequence data from seven genetic loci ( 16S , 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA and four protein‐encoding genes: elongation factor 1‐alpha, triose phosphate isomerase, short‐wavelength rhodopsin and the CPSase region of carbamoyl‐phosphate synthase‐aspartate transcarbamoylase‐dihydroorotase). Results are presented from Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of approximately 8.7 kb of sequence data for 204 taxa representing all subfamilies and genus groups of T herevidae. Our results strongly support the sister‐group relationship between T herevidae and S cenopinidae, with A psilocephalidae as sister to E vocoidae. Previous estimates of stiletto fly phylogeny based on morphology or DNA sequence data, or supertree analysis, have failed to find significant support for relationships among subfamilies. We report for the first time strong support for the placement of the subfamily Phycinae as sister to the remaining T herevidae, originating during the Mid C retaceous. As in previous studies, the sister‐group relationship between the species‐rich subfamilies A gapophytinae and T herevinae is strongly supported. Agapophytinae are recovered as monophyletic, inclusive of the Taenogera group. Therevinae comprise the bulk of the species richness in the family and appear to be a relatively recent and rapid radiation originating in the southern hemisphere ( A ustralia + A ntarctica + S outh A merica) during the L ate C retaceous. Genus groups are defined for all subfamilies based on these results.