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The phylogeny of the superfamily C occoidea ( H emiptera: S ternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males
Author(s) -
HODGSON CHRIS J.,
HARDY NATE B.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
systematic entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.552
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1365-3113
pISSN - 0307-6970
DOI - 10.1111/syen.12030
Subject(s) - paraphyly , biology , monophyly , clade , phylogenetic tree , phylogenetics , extant taxon , zoology , evolutionary biology , supertree , sister group , genetics , gene
Abstract Currently, 49 families of scale insects are recognised, 33 of which are extant. Despite more than a decade of DNA sequence‐based phylogenetic studies of scales insects, little is known with confidence about relationships among scale insects families. Multiple lines of evidence support the monophyly of a group of 18 scale insect families informally referred to as the neococcoids. Among neococcoid families, published DNA sequence‐based estimates have supported E riococcidae paraphyly with respect to B eesoniidae, D actylopiidae, and S tictococcidae. No other neococcoid interfamily relationship has been strongly supported in a published study that includes exemplars of more than ten families. Likewise, no well‐supported relationships among the 15 extant scale insect families that are not neococcoids (usually referred to as ‘archaeococcoids’) have been published. We use a B ayesian approach to estimate the scale insect phylogeny from 162 adult male morphological characters, scored from 269 extant and 29 fossil species representing 43/49 families. The result is the most taxonomically comprehensive, most resolved and best supported estimate of phylogenetic relationships among scale insect families to date. Notable results include strong support for (i) Ortheziidae sister to Matsucoccidae, (ii) a clade comprising all scale insects except for M argarodidae s.s., O rtheziidae and M atsucoccidae, (iii) C oelostomidiidae paraphyletic with respect to M onophlebidae, (iv) E riococcidae paraphyletic with respect to S tictococcidae and B eesoniidae, and (v) A clerdidae sister to C occidae. We recover strong support for a clade comprising P henacoleachiidae, P ityococcidae, P utoidae, S teingeliidae and the neococcoids, along with a sister relationship between this clade and C oelostomidiidae + M onophlebidae. In addition, we recover strong support for P ityococcidae + S teingeliidae as sister to the neococcoids. Data from fossils were incomplete, and the inclusion of extinct taxa in the data matrix reduced support and phylogenetic structure. Nonetheless, these fossil data will be invaluable in DNA sequence‐based and total evidence estimates of phylogenetic divergence times.