Open AccessPrincipal component analysis of three‐dimensional face shape: Identifying shape features that change with age
Author(s) -
Kurosumi M.,
Mizukoshi K.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
skin research and technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.521
H-Index - 69
eISSN - 1600-0846
pISSN - 0909-752X
DOI - 10.1111/srt.12416
Subject(s) - chin , wrinkle , principal component analysis , forehead , face (sociological concept) , shape analysis (program analysis) , shape change , feature (linguistics) , artificial intelligence , pattern recognition (psychology) , orthodontics , computer science , mathematics , anatomy , medicine , biology , evolutionary biology , gerontology , static analysis , social science , linguistics , philosophy , sociology , programming language
Background The types of shape feature that constitutes a face have not been comprehensively established, and most previous studies of age‐related changes in facial shape have focused on individual characteristics, such as wrinkle, sagging skin, etc. In this study, we quantitatively measured differences in face shape between individuals and investigated how shape features changed with age. Methods We analyzed three‐dimensionally the faces of 280 Japanese women aged 20‐69 years and used principal component analysis to establish the shape features that characterized individual differences. We also evaluated the relationships between each feature and age, clarifying the shape features characteristic of different age groups. Results Changes in facial shape in middle age were a decreased volume of the upper face and increased volume of the whole cheeks and around the chin. Changes in older people were an increased volume of the lower cheeks and around the chin, sagging skin, and jaw distortion. Conclusion Principal component analysis was effective for identifying facial shape features that represent individual and age‐related differences. This method allowed straightforward measurements, such as the increase or decrease in cheeks caused by soft tissue changes or skeletal‐based changes to the forehead or jaw, simply by acquiring three‐dimensional facial images.