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Release of erythropoietin and neuron‐specific enolase after breath holding in competing free divers
Author(s) -
Kjeld T.,
Jattu T.,
Nielsen H. B.,
Goetze J. P.,
Secher N. H.,
Olsen N. V.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.575
H-Index - 115
eISSN - 1600-0838
pISSN - 0905-7188
DOI - 10.1111/sms.12309
Subject(s) - enolase , erythropoietin , medicine , hypoxemia , hypoxia (environmental) , brain natriuretic peptide , venous blood , natriuretic peptide , troponin t , cardiology , endocrinology , heart failure , immunohistochemistry , chemistry , organic chemistry , oxygen , myocardial infarction
Free diving is associated with extreme hypoxia. This study evaluated the combined effect of maximal static breath holding and underwater swimming on plasma biomarkers of tissue hypoxemia: erythropoietin, neuron‐specific enolase and S100B , C ‐reactive protein, pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide, and troponin T . Venous blood samples were obtained from 17 competing free divers before and 3 h after sessions of static apnea and underwater swimming. The heart was evaluated by echocardiography. Static apnea for 293 ± 78 s (mean ± SD ) and subsequent 88 ± 21 m underwater swimming increased plasma erythropoietin from 10.6 ± 3.4 to 12.4 ± 4.1 mIU/L ( P = 0.013) and neuron‐specific enolase from 14.5 ± 5.3 to 24.6 ± 6.4 ng/mL ( P = 0.017); C ‐reactive protein decreased from 0.84 ± 1.0 to 0.71 ± 0.67 mmol/L ( P = 0.013). In contrast, plasma concentrations of S100B ( P = 0.394), pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide ( P = 0.549), and troponin T ( P = 0.125) remained unchanged and, as assessed by echocardiography, the heart was not affected. In competitive free divers, bouts of static and dynamic apnea increase plasma erythropoietin and neuron‐specific enolase, suggesting that renal and neural tissue, rather than the heart, is affected by the hypoxia developed during apnea and underwater swimming.