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On the identification of individual level pleiotropic, pure direct, and principal stratum direct effects without cross world assumptions
Author(s) -
Zaidi Jaffer M.,
VanderWeele Tyler J.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
scandinavian journal of statistics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.359
H-Index - 65
eISSN - 1467-9469
pISSN - 0303-6898
DOI - 10.1111/sjos.12464
Subject(s) - causal inference , stratum , independence (probability theory) , econometrics , mathematics , inference , identification (biology) , principal (computer security) , principal component analysis , statistics , artificial intelligence , computer science , biology , ecology , paleontology , operating system
The analysis of natural direct and principal stratum direct effects has a controversial history in statistics and causal inference as these effects are commonly identified with either untestable cross world independence or graphical assumptions. This article demonstrates that the presence of individual level natural direct and principal stratum direct effects can be identified without cross world independence assumptions. We also define a new type of causal effect, called pleiotropy, that is of interest in genomics, and provide empirical conditions to detect such an effect as well. Our results are applicable for all types of distributions concerning the mediator and outcome.