Orchestrating sustainability: The case of E uropean U nion biofuel governance

This article provides an empirical analysis of orchestration – that is, the initiation, support, and embracement of private governance arrangements through public regulators – in the field of E uropean U nion biofuel governance. It examines the emerging sustainability regime and shows that orchestration has been extensively practiced. Regulators in the E uropean U nion have used a range of directive and facilitative measures to initiate and support private biofuel certification schemes and to incorporate them in their regulatory frameworks. This has given rise to a hybrid regime in which public and private approaches are closely intertwined. Discussing the benefits and complications of engaging with private biofuel sustainability governance, the article's findings point to a partial failure of orchestration in this policy area.