Melatonin Treatment at Dry‐off Improves Reproductive Performance Postpartum in High‐producing Dairy Cows under Heat Stress Conditions

Contents The aim of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin treatment during the early dry‐off period on subsequent reproductive performance and milk production in high‐producing dairy cows under heat stress conditions. In experiment I, addressing the pharmacokinetics of melatonin treatment in lactating dairy cows, doses of untreated, 3, 6, 9 or 12 implants/animal (18‐mg melatonin each implant) were given as subcutaneous implants on gestation day 120–20 multiparous lactating dairy cows (four cows/dose group). Experiment II was performed during the warm season on 25 heifers and 114 high milk‐producing Holstein‐Friesian cows. Animals were randomly assigned to a control (C) or melatonin group (M). Animals in the M group received nine implants (heifers) or 12 (cows) of melatonin on day 220 of gestation. In experiment I, cows in the 12 implants group showed a higher maximum melatonin concentration ( C max ) and area under the concentration curve from treatment day 0 to day 49 ( AUC 0–49d ) than those in the remaining groups, among which there were no significant differences in this variable. In experiment II , the likelihood of repeat breeding syndrome (<3 vs ≥4 AI s per cow) and pregnancy loss (first trimester) were 0.36 and 0.19 times lower in treated than control animals, respectively. Plasma prolactin levels decreased significantly (p = 0.01) after melatonin treatment and recovered during the postpartum compared to control cows. No significant effects on milk production were observed in the subsequent lactation. Significant differences in days open between groups (means 123 ± 71.9 and 103 ± 43, respectively, for C and M; p = 0.02) were registered. In conclusion, melatonin treatment in the early dry‐off period improves the reproductive performance of dairy cattle, reducing the number of days open, repeat breeding syndrome and pregnancy loss.